Carob is native to the eastern
Mediterranean, probably the Middle East, where it has been in cultivation for
at least 4000 years and well known to the Egyptians. Seeds of this plant were found far back in Greece and Italy.
Carob grows well anywhere that
citrus is grown, and it prefers dry climates that receive more than 30
centimetres of rainfall--ideal Mediterranean-type climates.
The fruit of carob is a pod,
technically a legume 15 to 30 centimetres in length and fairly thick and broad.
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| CAROB - خروب |
Pods are borne on the old stems of
the plant on short flower stalks. Interestingly, most carob trees are
monoecious, with individual male and female flowers.
History
Carob is a species that has a long
history of use by humans. Other names commonly used for Carob are St John's
Bread and Locust. Legend has it that St John ate the pods of this species and
hence the name.
That story was apparently
wrong--he ate migratory locust. Seeds were used to weight gold, hence the word
"carat." Mohammed's army ate kharoub , and Arabs planted the crop in
northern Africa and Spain (Moors), along with citrus (Citrus ) and olives
(Olea).
Spaniards carried carob to Mexico
and South America, and the British took carob to South Africa, India, and
Australia.
Records show that carob was
intentionally introduced into the United States in 1854, and the first
seedlings were apparently planted in California in 1873. For commercial
production cultivars with the finest quality fruits are bud grafted on common
stock.
Evidence of the use of Carob
products by humans date back to ancient Greece and Egypt where the plant was
used as a source of food.
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| CAROB FRUIT |
The seeds from the Carob tree are
extremely consistent in size and weight and are believed to have been the
original gauge for the 'carat' used by jewelers.
The species itself is ancient
having survived the last ice age and flourished throughout the Mediterranean
region since. It is well adapted to harsh climates and poor soils. Throughout
its natural range the species has been widely cultivated because of its
reliability as a food and fuel resource even during times of drought.
Description: The carob tree is a
slow growing; medium sized evergreen tree originating in the eastern
Mediterranean. It is a member of the Legume (Pea) family and is the only member
of the genus Ceratonia. It is a xerophilous scleophphyllous species well suited
to dry infertile environments. The species is trioecious with male, female and
hermaphrodite inflorescences and is often multi stemmed growing up to 15 meters
in height. The production of fruit begins around the age of 15 and continues
for the life of the plant. The leaves are broad, dark green and offering
substantial shade. The pods are long and leathery often growing up to 300mm
long.
Carob Products
Carob is a highly versatile and
useful tree to humans as there are a wide range of products derived from its
fruits and timber. Primarily, foods for both human and animal consumption are
obtained from its seeds, pulp and seed pods. Every part of the fruit can be
consumed. However food is not the only product supplied by this species.
Carob in Food
The dark-brown pods are not only
edible, but also rich in sucrose (almost 40% plus other sugars) and protein (up
to 8%).
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| Health Food |
The fruits of the Carob tree can
be eaten either green or after having been processed. The Inside the seedpod
there is up to 15 seeds surrounded by a saccharine pulp. The seeds are
separated from the pulp and used to make locust bean gum sometimes known as
Ceratonia or Carob bean gum.
This product is used in the
manufacture of foodstuffs, especially confectionary. It is used as a
stabilizer, emulsifier, and thickener or to prevent sugar crystallization. The
other major food source derived from Carob is from the ground up pod itself,
which forms a high protein powder that is an effective substitute for Cocoa
powder.
Carob powder has a number of
advantages over Cocoa powder and as such is often used to make what has come to
be known as 'healthy chocolate’.
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| Cairo Streets Carob Vendor |
Although this product has a
slightly different taste than chocolate, it has only one-third the calories
(total 1595 calories per pound), is virtually fat-free (chocolate is half fat),
is rich in pectin, is non allergenic, has abundant protein, and has no oxalic
acid, which interferes with absorption of calcium.
Consequently, carob flour is
widely used in health foods for chocolate-like flavoring.
A very fine polysaccharide
gum--mucilaginous, odorless, tasteless, and colorless--can also be obtained
from the pod and is now used in many products.
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| Carob powder |
Carob powder is free of the
allergenic and addictive effects of caffeine and theobromine present in Cocoa.
It also contains less fat and more sugar than Cocoa. Cocoa has around 23% fat
and 5% sugar while Carob contains approximately 7% fat and 42-48% sugar. Carob
powder is often used as a substitute for cocoa at rates of up to 50%.
Used in this manner Carob has
become a popular chocolate substitute used in a huge variety of confectionery
products and drinks as well as a general sweetener. Carob is also used to make
flour, molasses, alcohol and a substitute for coffee and eggs.
Carob and Health
Apart from the health benefits
obtained by substituting Carob for Cocoa and synthetic sweeteners in our diet,
Carob also has excellent nutritional value. Along with up to 80% protein, it
contains Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Phosphorus, Potassium Manganese, Barium,
Copper, Nickel and the vitamins A, B, B2, B3, and D. It also has medicinal uses
including the treatment of coughs and diarrhoea.
Other Products and Uses
While food production is a very
important characteristic of this species it is by no means the only benefit
that can be obtained from growing Carob. These include: Tannin is obtained from
the bark of Carob.
Cosmetic face packs are made from
flour made from the seedpods.
The wood is hard and highly sought
after by wood turners.
It is a nitrogen fixing species,
providing improvements to soil fertility.
There are also several putative
medicinal uses of the plant, and singers formerly chewed the pod husks in the
belief that this clears the throat and voice.
Growing Carob Trees
Grows well on low rainfall
marginal land and is used for land amelioration. Prior to planting Carob,
pre-soak the seed in warm water for approximately 24hrs. This species prefers
sandy loams, medium loam and clay loam soils but can tolerate poorer soil
conditions including rocky areas. Good drainage and full to semi-sun is also
preferred if the species is to grow well. Carob will tolerate pH in the range
6.2 to 8.6.
This species is extremely drought
resistant and irrigation is not required. It is also free of many pests and
diseases, however it is susceptible to Texas Root Rot. After the plant has
established itself it requires little maintenance except form pruning to
encourage a single stem if required.
Pods
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| A cold Carob drink |
The pods are collected when brown,
they are broken open and the hard seeds removed. The empty pods are then
washed, dry roasted to inactivate enzymes that would break the product down and
then milled like wheat to a very fine brown powder, which is naturally sweet.
This fine powder can be used the same as you would use cocoa and you will need
less sugar.
To make the powder into its No
Added Sugar chocolate form, it is basically mixed with skim milk powder, a
vegetable oil, and soy lecithin. This makes the solid carob.
Carob is caffeine free, oxalic
acid free and no theobromine, thenylthylamine and tyramine, known to trigger
headaches and migraines in some people.
Pods What happens to the seeds?
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| CARAT |
The seeds have a history of their
own. The seed looks very much like a large watermelon seed. There about eight
seeds to a pod. The gum they contain was used by the Egyptians for binding
their mummies.
The Italians use the seed to make
rosary beads. In Israel they have an annual Carob Festival. This seed was also
used as a weight measure for gold and gems because seeds are very even in
weight.
That use has come down through the
centuries as the 'caret weight' (should be carob weight) and 0. 5 carob seeds
equals one gram. A caret weights .02 gram.
The uses of the gum today are in
cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, industrial oils and food thickening. It is called
the locus bean gum. The timber of the carob tree makes beautiful furniture.
The Carob Tree
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| Carob tree |
The carob tree is a Mediterranean
plant. It has existed for over 4000 years.
It is a legume, evergreen and a
beautiful shade tree and takes 20 years to reach its full height, which is 50ft
(over 15 mt) high and 50ft (over 15 mt)
wide, with a taproot up to 125ft (38 mt). In places like Egypt, where
the water is mainly underground, that long taproot has allowed the carob trees
to survive.
The surface root system never goes
beyond the leaf canopy.
The tree takes up to 8 years to
produce a crop of pods, 15 years to produce a commercial size crop, but by 20
years can produce up to a tone in one season. It will continue to produce for
up to 200 years and only the female trees in the wild, produce pods.
In commercial cultivation the
trees are grafted male and female together so every tree produces a crop. Bees
do the pollination as the masses of small cluster flowers offer large amounts
of nectar as incentive.
This is
the colourful setting of Alexandria’s most famous quail restaurant. Originally
owned by the Lebanese Elias, it took its name from its location. The tiny
square which is a cloth and bales market by day, known as El Biyassa (from the
Italian piazza, or square), is transformed by night into a grill, which offers quails,
beqfiquoes and pigeons to people from all walks of life. 
